Fluid shortening composition



United r States Patent 2,875,065 FLUID SHORTENING COMPOSITION Stuart W. Thompson, Upper Saddle River, N. J., asslgnor to Lever Brothers Company, New York, N. Y., a corporation of Maine v NoDrawing. Application May 11, 1955 Serial No. 507,727

Claims. (Cl. 99-118) sitions which will produce high volume cakes, having.

tender crust, even, close grain, and soft texture, and to the preparation of such shortenings.

Shortenings heretofore available for baking have included natural fats which are solid or plastic at room temperatures, including fatty animal tissues, butter, and lard; compounded or blended shortenings, made from mixtures of naturally hard fats or hydrogenated vegetable oils with liquid, soft, or partially hydrogenated vegetable oils; all-hydrogenated shortenings made by selectively hydrogenating a blend of liquid vegetable. oils to obtain the desired finished properties; and superglycerinated shortenings which are generally all-hydrogenated shortenings containing an increased proportion of combined glycerol, in the form of monoand diglycerides, over that found in ordinary fats.

Liquid oils such as cottonseed, soybean, olive, rapeseed, corn oil, and sunflower seed oil may be treated by a Winterizing scribed hereinafter to remove ingredients which tend to precipitate and settle out at low temperatures and sometimes cause the oil to congeal. The materials so produced are known as salad oils.

Recently liquid oils, particularly salad oils, have been recommended for the preparation of a particular variety of cakes, but such oils are not suitable for the preparation of conventional high volume cakes containing a high ratio of sugar to flour. Cakes of this type, having an even, close grain, a tender crust and a soft texture are in the greatest demand among consumers whether home baked or commercially prepared. These qualities are attainable to the highest degree with all-hydrogenated superglycerinated plastic shortenings.

The superior performance of plastic shortenings in cake making results to a large degree from their ability to entrap and hold considerable quantities of air during the mixing of batters and doughs. This air contributes leavening action inthe baking process. This trapping of air by fats in mixing batters and doughs creaming. Liquid shortenings such as salad oils heretofore available do not have good creaming action.

superglycerinated plastic shortenings than other plastic shortenings in producing cakes having optimum properties due to the effectiveness of the monoand diglycerides as emulsifiers which promote the thorough and fine dispersion of the fat in the batter, thus resulting in a high degree of dispersion of the desirable entrapped air.

Plastic shortenings have the disadvantage however that they are ditficult to measure and consumers would welcome a liquid shortening which could be readily measured and poured provided it could approach or meet the cake-making performance of superglycerinated plastic shortcomings.

Liquid oils are known to disperse in batters and doughs a shortening composition for.

process, known in the prior art and dc is referred to as are more efficient 2,875,065 Patented Feb. 24, 1959 in the form of spherical droplets which have less surface in contact with the other batter ingredients than do plastic shortenings which disperse in sheets and, films. Thus even the addition of monoand diglycerides to saladoils at levels which. do not interfere with fluidity is of little value in improving the performance of salad oils and does not produce a shortening withcake-making per-' formance equal to that of plastic superglycerinated shortemngs.

Cake ingredients maybe combined in any one of sev-' eral ways. One of the oldest and perhaps most common is to firstmix or cream" the shortening and sugar, following by addition of eggs and then alternate portions of flour and milk, the salt and baking powder being with the flour. This is called the creaming method and is described in greater detail below.

The next most common method is to first mix the shortening and flour followed by the sugar and then the eggs and milktogether. This is the so-called blending method, and is also described in greater detail below.

Other ingredient additionprders are possible but regardless of the mixing method it is necessary that the 'fat particles in the final batter (which is an oil in water type emulsion) shall contain small air bubbles. The volume of the final cake can be varied by the amount of baking powder added but unless these air bubbles of microscopic size are present in the fat phase of the batter, the cake will and hard textured.

When the creaming method is used the air bubbles in the batter are large and the battervolume, which is the specific gravity, is high if the cake is reciprocal of the to be good. When the blending method is used the air bubbles in the batter are smaller and the batter volume has less significance although some aeration of the batter in mixing is fully as important. Proper aeration of the batter is reflected in higher cake volumes. In the case of the creaming method there is a fairly good correla tion between batter volume and cake volume. In the blending method, fineness rather than degree of aeration is most important and correlation between batter volume and cake colume is less significant. This function of air in batter fat is well known to the art and is discussed extensively in Alton E. Bailey, Industrial Oil and Fat Products, 2nd edition (1951), Interscience Publishers, at pages 295- -304 and in an article by G. T. Carlin published in Cereal Chemistry,'vol. 21, pages 189-199 (1944).

Different laboratories and bakeries vary considerably in their methods of expressing their judgments of cakes. Whatever evaluation method is used, the characteristics desirable in cakes are generally recognized in industry and in the home. Descriptions of cake scoring methods may be found, for example, in the article by O. E. Stamberg in Cereal Chemistry, vol. 16, page 764 (1939) and the article by F. Hanning in Cereal Chemistry, vol. 29, page 177 (1952). In this laboratory cakes are scored on the basis of crust, grain, and texture. Crust ratings are very tender, tender, medium tender, slightly tough, and tough. Grain ratings are even, very slightly uneven, slightly uneven and uneven, in any combination with open, slightly open, slightly tight, slightly tight or tight. Texture ratings are soft, medium soft, medium hard and hard. An allhydrogenated superglycerinated plastic ing may be expected to yield a cake having a tender crust, an even close grain, and soft texture.

I have discovered that stable fluid shortening compositions which will produce cakes comparable to those produced with all-hydrogenated shortenings can be prepared'by oil from 3 to 8% incorporating in a liquid by weight, preferably from 4 to 6%,

be coarse grained, tough crusted very slightly open, close, very vegetable shortensuperglycerinated plastic,

3 of one or more triglycerides having at least one behenyl (C H COO--) group per molecule. Certain advantages of the invention are obtained by using compositions in which the behenyl triglyceride component contains a major proportion of the monobehenyl triglyceride, as will appear hereinafter.

It will be apparenttliat the behenyl ployed according to the invention may be produced by hydrogenating erucicacid triglycerides, The fatty acids of mustard and rapeseed oils are nearly half erucic and most of the remainder are ole'ic, linoleic and linolcnic acids. The glycerides resulting from hydrogenation of these oils consist predominantly of monobeheno distearo glyceride and dibeheno monostearo glyceride. Hydrogenated mustard and rapeseed. oilstherefore are a satisfactory source of behenyl triglycerides for invention purposes. Monoerucyl-triglyceride, fromwhich the prefer-red monobehenyl: glyceride may bemade; may be separated from the oil by fractionation according to the triglycerides emme'thod of Hilditch, Laurent and Meara, J. Soc. Chem.

Ind. 66, 19 (1947 and subsequently hydrogenated.

The term stearine is' commonly used to designate hydrogenated triglycerides and hence one embodiment of the invention comprises use of stearines obtained by hydrogenating to an iodine value of 30 or less, vegetable oils obtained from sources rich in erucic acid. I prefer to use for this purpose either rapeseed oil stearine or" mustard seed oil stearine, or a combination of the two. The fluidity of the behenyl triglyceride composition is surprising, sincethe prior art has assumed that higher melting glycerides, of which the behenyl triglycerides employed according to the invention would be an example, are to be avoided in liquid oil products forconsumer use due to the expectation that they would be unstable, i. e., would cause gelation and/or separation of solids on standing.

While it is known that certain vegetable oil stearines, namely those which have strong beta polymorphic crystalline phase forming tendencies, such as sunflower seed oil, linseed oil, hazelnut oil, soybean oil, peanut oil, olive oil, corn oil and lard, canbe suspended in liquid oils to yield a relatively stable fluid product, these stearines are only very slightly effective in cake making. The behenyl triglycerides of this invention which are strong beta-prime formers when cooled by themselves, unexpectedly are effective informing stable suspensions regardless of their crystal phase when cooling from a solution.

Any liquidvegetable oil may be used in the compositions of the invention including cottonseed, soybean, olive. and peanut amongv others as well as slightly hydrogenated liquid variations thereof. In order to prepare fluids of improved stability, however, it is preferable to utilize a-salad oil, i. e., an oil prepared by Winterizing the liquid oil. This is particularly true in the case of cottonseed oil. The Winterizing process is carried out by slowly cooling the oil under conditions which will allow the precipitation and clean separation of crystalline high melting glycerides, in order to prevent congealing of the salad oils upon refrigeration or exposure to low temperatures in shipment or storage. Even after winterization some settling frequently takes place. Corn oil, the other major source of salad oils, is preferably freed of its wax content to avoid possible settling at low temperatures. This settling may be unattractive to consumers.

Satisfactory dispersions of the behenyl triglycerides, e; g., erucic acid oil stearines, can be prepared by allowing a'nnelt of the stearine-salad oil-blend-to-cool at room temperature, whereupon the stearine' crystallizes from solution in a very fine particle size. The particle size is preferably small enough so that the mixture is substantial- 1y non-settling. The formulations can be prepared by grinding the'stearine with Dry Ice'irl a hammer mill and- I prefer to use from 1 adding the powder to the liquid oil. The latter method yields somewhat stiffer but satisfactorily pourable compositions even though additional ingredients (mentioned hereinafter) are present; and if rapeseed oil stearines having iodine values close to 30 are used, their cake performance is also satisfactory but not quite as good as when the crystallization procedure is used. The crystallization from solution is therefore preferred.

Although as previously indicated monoand diglyceride emulsifiers show little or no improvement in the cake-making performance of liquid oils, in combination with the compositions of this invention containing erucic acid oil stearines these emulsifiers yield a fluid shortening having cake making performance noticeably exceeding that of the same compositions without the emulsifiers. Monoglyceride and monoand diglyceride emulsifiers are well known to those skilled in the art and are available from various suppliers. For the purposes of this invention I prefer the monoglycerides of saturated fatty acids. Lard stearine distilled monoglycerides are particularly suitable; An emulsifier of'this type is available under the trade name "Myverol 18:00 (r'neltin'gpoint 723 C.). I may also use emulsifiers which are mixed monoglycerides of the fatty acids of liquid oils such as cottonseed oil. An emulsifier of this type is commercially; available under the trade name Myverol' 1818 5 (melting point 52.7 C.). Sunflower seed oil monoand diglyceride emulsifiers are also effective (melting point 39.5". C.). Whatever mono or mono and digl'ycerideemulsifier is used it may be incorporated in the compositions of the invention at a level of fromflOlS to 5% by weight of the composition, depending on the emulsifier used. Generally, tolerance of the lower meltingemulsifiers is greater.

While the compositions of my invention containing from 3 to 8% by weight of behenyl triglyceride, e. g,

erucic acid oil stearines, show good cake-making properties, the compositions having more than 5% of these stearines become somewhat thickened, though still pourable, on standing for periods of one week or more.

. Beta phase soybean oil stearines alone yield compo sitions with no greater fluidity thanthe erucic acid oil stearines using equal proportions of up to.8% of each and have no cake improving properties. I have found however thatthe addition to my compositions cornprising behenyl triglyceride, in particular erucic acid oil stearines, of- 1 to 8% by weight of soybean oil' stearines having an iodine value of 1 to 22 further increases the' stability of the compositions without adversely affecting their cake making performance. These stearines may be powdered in a hammer mill with Dry Ice and then dispersed by mixing or they may be coarsely ground and then reduced in size by passing through a colloid mill with part ofthe salad'oil ingredient and then addedto the remainder of, the composition.

- Compositions having acceptable fluidity for purposes of the present invention are pourable at a temperature within room temperature range, i. e., convenient test offiuidity may be made by dropping a cone-tipped weight or needle through a portion of the material and noting the distance it falls during a standard time interval.,. The needle has a cone tip inch high and a base 1% inches in diameter. Above the concbase there isa-continuing cylindrical section 2 inches long ofthe same diameter as the cone base. The needle weighsz49 grams.

5 seconds. The distance of fall during this time interval is measured in tenths of millimeters. Satisfactory compositions according to the invention have fluidity index ofnot less about described.

My invention is further illustrated by the following" examples It is placed at the sur-- face of the shortening, released and allowedto fall for 540 asmeasured' by the test EXAMPLE 1 Five fluid shortening compositions were prepared by suspending 5% by weight of the 1 iodine value stearine of rapeseed oil (RSO), mustardseed oil (MSO), cottonseed oil (CSO), soybean oil (SR0), or palm oil (P0) in each of five respective portions of winterized cottonseed oil. Samples of each composition were stored for one week at 50 F., 70 F., and 95 F., and examined for fluidity. All of the samples retained good fluidity at 50 F. and 70 F. However the palm oil stearine composition was less satisfactory than the others due to tendency to solidity. The samples stored at 95 F. containing rapeseed oil and soybean oil stearines also retained good fluidity while the cottonseed oil stearine composition had fair to poor fluidity and the mustardseed oil and palm oil stearine compositions were unsatisfactory at this high temperature due to solidification.

EXAMPLE 2 The shortening compositions of Example 1, a liquid oil (winterized cottonseed oil) without any additive and 6 EXAMPLE 3 1.2% of Myverol 18:00 of fully hydrogenated lard) was added to a liquid oil (winterized cottonseed oil) and to each of the compositions of Example 1. The products were stored as in Example 1 except thatat 55 F. was used as the lower temperature, and examined after one week for fluidity. The liquid oil and the rapeseed oil, mustardseed oil and soybean oil stearine compositions retained good rme compositions were unsatisfactory at all three' temperatures.

EXAMPLE 4 The shortening compositions of Example: 3 were used to bake yellow layer cakes for which the batters were mixed by the creaming method and data obtained as in Example 2. The results are shown in Table II.

Table II winterized stearine Myverol Batter Cake cottonseed kind, 18:00, Volume, Volume, Crust Grain Texture 011, percent percent percent cc./g. cc.

-98.8 none 1.2 .89 1, 045 tough uneven, open.-. hard. 93.8 BSD-5 1.2 1.31 1,165 tender even, slightly ope soft. 93.8 MSG-'5 1.2 1.38 1,210 do do Do. 93.8. (ISO-5 1.2 1. 03 1, 120 slightlytough..- uneven, open hard. 1 93.8- SBO-fi 1.2 .96 1,060 ough do Do. 93.8 PO-5 1.2 1.10 1,155 slightly tough-.- uneven, slightly open; mfiditm a superglycerinated all-hydrogenated, plastic shortening (Spry) were used to bake yellow layer cakes for which the batters were mixed by the creaming method. 40

The batter volumes were recorded and the resulting cakes were rated as to volume, crust, grain and texture, as shown in Table I. V i s From this table it can be seen that with a monoglyceride emulsifier present, only therapeseedoil and mustardseed" improvement Wlfli stearines of the invention to the extent Table l Winterlzed cottonstearine Batter Cake seed 011, percent kind, Volume, Volume, Crust Grain Texture percent ocJg. cc.

1. 23 1, 210 tender even, very slightly soft. i l i open.

.99 1,060 tough even, open hard. L01 .1, 0-15 slig tly tough uneven, open .4 medium soft. 1.15 1,120 mediumtender-. even,sltghtly open. soft. 0.94 1,000 tough uneven, 0pen.- medlumhard. 0. 96 a 1,000 -.-do.- 4--.-do. Do; 1.05 1,080 slightly tough do medium soft.

From oil stearine composition most closely approached the, cake making performance of the superglycerinated plastic shortening. The rapeseed oil, stearine and palm oil, stearine; compositions also yielded acceptable cakes, while the cottonseed and soybean sitions yielded cakes with the lowest batterand cake volumes having tough crusts and textures on the hard side. The liquidoil, although .it yielded anacceptable cake volume in this instance, resulted in a tough, hard cake. Since as shown in Example tine-composition was the least stable of the stearine compositions at" 'and 70 F., the rapeseed and mustardseed oil compositions combine fluid, stability d"cake mki lg effectiveness to the highest degree of the compositions tested.

this table it can be noted thatthe inustardseed oil stearine compo- 1 the palm oil stea- 70 that they produced cakes closely approaching the Spry" cake reported in Table I. It also showed some synergism as to batter and cake volumes with the cottonseed oil and palm oil stearines but yielded unsatisfactory cakes, as did the liquid oil and soybean oil stearine compositions.

EXAMPLE 5 (distilled monoglycerides Table III winterized Steerin'e Myyerol Batter ,Cake I cottonseed kind, 18:85, Volume, Volume, Crust Gram Texture 011, percent percent percent cc.lg. cc.

98.8 1 none 1.2 .91 1,005 tough uneven, open... hard. 93.8 RSO- 1.2 1.10 1, 140 slightly tough..- slightly uneven, very soft. I slightly open.

EXAMPLE 6 White cakes were prepared by the blending method using as shortening compositions liquid oil containing 1.2% of Myverol 18:00, and 5% of 1, l3 and 27 iodine compositions were used to prepare yellow cakes by the value rapeseed oil stearines, 5% of 1, 15, and iodine i5 creaming' method. The cakes were scored as in Table .V.

tures, but the samples containing 6 7 and 8% of the stearine were not quite as good in this respect 11050 F. as were the samples with 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5%. All eightv Table V Whiter-120d Stearine Myverol Batter Girlie I H cottonseed lrind, 18:00, Volume, Volume, Crust Grain 1 Texture 011, percent percent percent ec./g. 00.

1.2 .90' 1,000 101.11. uneven, open; hard. 1.2 ..98 1,005 do -do;- Do. 1.2 1.07 1,095 medium tender slightlyuneven,open Do, 1.2 1.12 1,115 tender even slightly open soft. 1.2 1.31 1,165 do d D0. 1.2 1. Do. 1.2 1. 32 Do. 1.2 1.33 Do.

value mustardseed oil stearines, 1 and 28 iodine value 30 EXAMPLE 8 soybean oil stearines, 1 and 30 iodine value cottonseed oil A fl t M d h in f u stearines, and 1 and 26 iodine value palm 011 stearines, as m H S enmg was Prep c a m: e o owmg well as a sampleof the liquiduoil with 1.2% of Myverol Co P ion. 18:00 and witho'ut any stearine additive. The same cake Winteriied cottonseed oil;..... 85.8 Was also made with Spry. Theresulting cakes were 35 .Rapeseed oil stearine (1 I. V.) 2.5 scored as shown in Table IV. I Mustardseed oil stearine (30 I. V.) 2.5 It will be noted from this table that all of the compos1- Beta phase soybean oil stearine (l I. V.).. 8.0 tions of this invention yielded cakes substantially equal Myverol 18:00 1.2 to the Spry cake, whereas noneof the other compositions tested yielded cakes having as desirable properties. 4 100.0

Table IV winterized Stearine kind, Myverol Batter Cake cottonseed oil, Percent Volume, Volume, Crust Grain Texture Percent Percent cc./g. cc.

1.2 .86 1,000 even, open.-- hard. 1. 2 95 1, 030 even, 01058.. 60. 1.2 .92 1, 030 d 1.2 .94 1,030 1.2 .95 1, 045 1.2 .91 1,050 1. 2 .97 1, 045 --...do 1. 2 87 1, 005 even, very slightly open. 1.2 .88 990 Do. 1.2 .01 1,020 Do. 1.2' .91 1,030 '.do D9. 1.2 .94 1,015 do ever.1,verys1igl1tly Do.

1 0 811. 1.2 .90 1,015 do.--.' Pdo Do. 1.17 1,060 tendcr even,close soft.

The composition had a fluidity above F. substantially greater than could be measured by the standard method. 7 By cooling to 35 E, which decreased penetra tion and fluidity, the penetration was decreased to 540 at Storage tests on the rapeseed oil and the 'mustardseed oil stearine compositions used in this example showed that all retained satisfactory fluidity at 55 F, F. and F. except the 1 I. V. mustardseed oil stearine which showed tendency to solidify after one week at 90 F.

from 50 F. to F. for a three months" period and compositions were of satisfactory fluidity after one week remained fluid. The composition yielded excellent white at any of the three temperatures.

7 p 7 with an all-hydrogenated superglycerinatcd plastic short- To testthe effect of varying the percentage otthe 70 ening, when used in baking stearinesof the invention in fluid shortenings, shortening compositions were prepared containing 1, 2, 3,4, 5, 6, '7 EXAMPLE 9 and 8%, respectively, 1 I. V. rapeseed oil stearine, 1.2% The concentrates of mono and .ei-eruey'i 'glyc'eifides Myverol 18:00, and the balance winterized cottonseed of the samples retained good fluidity at all three tempera to have 'saponification values of 179.0 7 I I v V which point it was'still pourable, but quite viscous. However, the 15 and 30 I. V. mustardseed 011 stearinc 35 Samples ofthis composition were stored at temperatures and yellow cakes, substantially equal to those obtained I obtained from rapeseed oil by. the Hilditc h rnje'th re; oil, Upon storageas in Example 1 it was found that all 76 ferred to abovewe're hydrogenated/to 1 1. V. 5 1101 111111 j 174.3, rev

yellow cakes at 375 spectively. The original rap eseed oil had a. saponiflca-l tion value of 177.5 which would correspond to about 176.5 after hydrogenation. Since the difierence in saponification values between monobeheno distearo glyceride and. dibeheno monostearo glyceride is 10 points, each point change from the 176.5 of hydrogenated rapeseed corresponds to about glyceride in'que'stion. Thus, based on the original composition reported by. Hilditch, the fraction with the higher saponification value contained about 60% mono beheno distearo glyceride while the other concentrate contained about 80% of the dibeheno monostearo glyceride. Fluid shortening formulations were made containing of each of these fractions and 1.2% .Myverol l8:00".in cottonseed salad oil. After days storage at 50 F. and 70 F., both formulations were fluid. At 95 F. the one containing the fraction high in dibehenyl glycerides was rated fair and the monobehenyl composition good in fluidity. At 110 F. the formulation containing the dibehenyl glycerides was solid while that containing predominantly. monobehenyl glycerides as the active component was still fluid. The following baking data were a 10% concentration of the aevaoe's Formula Grams Volume i i Measure Flour-"Bottasllk 200 2 cups. SugarFruit-Flne. 200 1 cup. Baking Powder- "Calumet": 10 2% Tap Salt 5 a 9i Ts Shortenln 100 M cup. Whole Milk 180 A cup.

100 2 (whole) mill 4 1 Tsp.

shortening 2 minutes in electric Cream sugar, salt and mixer (Sunbeam Mixmaster) on No. 4 setting. Scrape bowl and add eggs. Mix 2 minutes Scrape bowl. Add one-half of the on No. 4 setting. milk, then sifted of milk flour and mix 1% minutes. Scale 380 grams into two 8" greased layer cake pans. Bake approximately 23 minutes at 375 F. Take cake volume andscore the day after cakes are baked.

Other variations and. modifications of will be apparent tothose skilled in the art and the inobtainedvention contemplates all such variations and modifica f' V .Batter Cake 9 Formula Cake Mixture Volume, Volume, Crust Grain Texture cc. g. cc.

Creaming Method.-.- 1.17 1, 110 Ten'der Even, slightly open. Soft. Yellow Layer Cake... 1. 26 1, 160 .---.do fi Do. Blending Method-.." 0. 89 1, 095 Slightly tough... Uneven, open o Yellow Layer Cake-.- 0. 93 1, 130 Med. tendon--- Even, slightly open... Soft. Blending Method.--.- 0.88 1,020 Tender Even. close D0. White Layer Cake.... 0. 93 l, 035 do Do.

B contained the dibehenyl triglyceride.

contained the monobehenyl triglyceride.

From the foregoing, the monobehenyl exhibited superior cake-baking properties than the dibehenyl triglycerides.

Sift flour, sugar, baking powder and salt into mixing bowl. Add shortening, vanilla and two-thirds of the milk. Beat 2 minutes in electric mixer (Sunbeam Mixmaster) at No. 4 speed. Scrape bowl and beater with Spry" spatula. Add eggs and remaining milk and mix 2 minutes at No. 4 speed. Again scrape and mix. Take batter volume. Scale 14 02. or split batter into each of two paper-lined and greased 8" layer cake tins. Bake F. for 24 minutes, 22 minutes at 360 F. for white cakes. Take cake volumes by standard method and score the day after the cakes are baked.

The creaming method for making test cakes was carried out as follows:

tions which come within the scope of the appended claims.

I claim:

1. A stable fluid shortening composition comprising a salad oil and a stearine containing triglycerides having at least one benhenyl group per molecule and having an iodine value not greater than 30, the stearine being present in the composition in an amount suflicient to provide the composition with from about 3% to about 8% by weight of the composition of triglycerides having at least one behenyl group per molecule.

2. A composition according to claim 1 in which said stearine is in the form of a fine substantially non-settling suspension in said oil.

3. A composition according 6% of said stearine.

4. A composition according to claim 1 containing 0.5 to 5.0% of an emulsifying agent.

5. A composition according to claim 4 in which said emulsifying agent is of the group consisting of mono and diglycerides and mixtures thereof of fatty acids.

6. A composition according to claim 5 in which said fatty acid is saturated.

7. A composition according to claim 6 in which said emulsifying agent is a lard stearine distilled monoglyceride.

8. A composition according to claim 6 in which said emulsifying agent consists essentially of mixed monoglycerides of fatty acids of a liquid oil- 9. A composition according to claim 8 in which said liquid oil is cottonseed oil.

10. A composition according to claim 4 in which said stearine is a stearine of mustard seed oil.

11. A composition according to claim 4 in which said stearine is a stearine of rapeseed oil.

to claim 1 having 4 to the invention 12. A stable fluid shortening composition comprising an edible liquid oil and-about 3 to 8% by weight based 13. A composition according'to claim 12 in which said triglyceride is dispersed in said oil in particle size small enough so that the'composition' is substantially non-settling.

'14, A composition according to claim 12 in which the major portion of said triglyceride contains not more than 2 behenyl radicals per molecule.

15. A composition according to claim 12 in which the major portion of said triglyceride contains 1 behenyl radical per molecule, i I

' 16. A stable fluid shortening composition comprising an edible liquid oil and a stearine containing triglycerides having at least one behenyl group per molecule 'and having an iodine value not greater than 30,

thestearine being present in the composition in an amount 'sufiicient'top'rovide the composition with from about 3% to about 8% by weight of the composition of triglycerides having at f least one behenyl' group per' molecule; Y

17. A stable fluid shortening composition comprising a salad oil, 0.5 to 5.0% of an emulsifying agent, from 1% to about 8% of soybean oil stearine having an iodine value of 1 to 22, and an additional stearine containing behenyl radical per triglycerides having an iodine value not greater than 30 said additional stearine being present in the composition in an amount sufIicient to provide'from about 3% to about 8% 'by weight of the composition of triglycerides having at least one behenyl group per molecule.

18. A composition according to claim 17 in which said s'tearines consist essentially of substantially equal quantities of rapeseed and mustardseed oil stearines, and said emulsifying agent is a lard stearine distilled monoglyceride.

19. A composition according to claim 12 containing 0.5 to 5.0% ofan emulsifying agent. F

20, A composition according to claim 19 in which said emulsifying agent is of the group consisting of monoand diglycerides'and mixtures thereof of tatty acids. 7

H References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,132,687 Harris Oct. 11, 1938 2,442,532 Eckey June 1, 1948 2,508,393 Jaeger May 23, 1950 2,521,242 Mitchell Sept. 5, 1950 2,532,523 Trempert et a1. Dec. 5, 1950 2,615,160 Baur Oct. 21, 1952 2,666,705 Glabe Jan. 19, 1954 

12. A STABLE FLUID SHORTENING COMPOSITION COMPRISING AN EDIBLE LIQUID OIL AND ABOUT 3 TO 8% BY WEIGHT BASED ON THE COMPOSITION OF A SATURATED LONG CHAIN FATTY ACID TRIGYLCERIDE HAVING AT LEAST ONE BEHENYL RADICAL PER MOLECULE. 